| Human | A human person has a goal of living. | has GoalOfLiving; participates in Indifferent |
| GoalOfLiving | “Aristotle’s ethics provides the form for the adumbration of the ethical teaching of the Hellenistic schools. One must first provide a specification of the goal or end (telos) of living.“ | is (relates to) Happiness |
| Happiness | “A bit of reflection tells us that the goal that we all have is happiness or flourishing (eudaimonia). But what is happiness?… Zeno’s answer was ‘a good flow of life’ or ‘living in agreement,’ and Cleanthes clarified that with the formulation that the end was ‘living in agreement with nature’. Chrysippus amplified this to (among other formulations) ‘living in accordance with experience of what happens by nature;’ later Stoics inadvisably, in response to Academic attacks, substituted such formulations as ‘the rational selection of the primary things according to nature.'” | characterizes Human |
| Knowledge | “Stoics identify the moral virtues with knowledge. […] Thus a specific virtue like moderation is defined as ‘the science (epistêmê) of what is to be chosen and what is to be avoided and what is neither of these’ (Arius Didymus, 61H). More broadly, virtue is ‘an expertise (technê) concerned with the whole of life’ (Arius Didymus, 61G). Like other forms of knowledge, virtues are characters of the soul’s commanding faculty which are firm and unchangeable.” | characterizes Human |
| Virtue | “The only things that are good are the characteristic excellences or virtues of human beings (or of human minds): prudence or wisdom, justice, courage and moderation, and other related qualities. “ | subkind of Knowledge |
| Prudence, Wisdom, Justice, Courage, Moderation | Prudence, wisdom, justice, courage and moderation are virtues | subkind of Virtue |
| Good | “The best way into the thicket of Stoic ethics is through the question of what is good, for all parties agree that possession of what is genuinely good secures a person’s happiness. The Stoics claim that whatever is good must benefit its possessor under all circumstances.” | characterizes Virtue |
| Vice | “only vice is genuinely bad” | characterizes Human |
| Bad | “only vice is genuinely bad” | characterizes Vice |
| Indifferent | “there are situations in which it is not to my benefit to be healthy or wealthy. (We may imagine that if I had money I would spend it on heroin which would not benefit me.) Thus, things like money are simply not good, in spite of how nearly everyone speaks, and the Stoics call them ‘indifferents’ – i.e., neither good nor bad.” | participates in Human |
NotGood
NotBad | Not good and not bad | characterizes Indifferent |
Preferred
Indifferent | “Some indifferent things, like health or wealth, have value (axia) and therefore are to be preferred [indifferent], even if they are not good, because they are typically appropriate, fitting or suitable (oikeion) for us.” | is Indifferent |
| Value | Value (axia) is a property of being “appropriate, fitting or suitable (oikeion)”. | characterizes PreferredIndifferent |
| NotPreferred Indifferent | Indifferents not characterized by Value. | is Indifferent |
Philosophy Models 